commit 204518c406f2c8d6d3e9a96437aacbc1d8a3870f
Author: JimZhang <zzl22100048@gmail.com>
Date:   Tue May 14 16:39:19 2024 +0800

    feat: python traits

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
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+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py,cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+cover/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+.pybuilder/
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+#   For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
+#   intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
+# .python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+#Pipfile.lock
+
+# poetry
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.
+#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
+#   commonly ignored for libraries.
+#   https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control
+#poetry.lock
+
+# pdm
+#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control.
+#pdm.lock
+#   pdm stores project-wide configurations in .pdm.toml, but it is recommended to not include it
+#   in version control.
+#   https://pdm-project.org/#use-with-ide
+.pdm.toml
+.pdm-python
+.pdm-build/
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/
+
+# pytype static type analyzer
+.pytype/
+
+# Cython debug symbols
+cython_debug/
+
+# PyCharm
+#  JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can
+#  be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore
+#  and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file.  For a more nuclear
+#  option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
+#.idea/
+.idea
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# PyTraits
+
+## Introduction
+
+PyTraits is a Python library that provides functionality similar to Rust traits. It allows you to define protocols
+using `impl` or `trait` annotations to specify the behavior that classes should implement.
+
+## Installation
+
+You can install PyTraits using pip:
+
+```bash
+pip install pytraits
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+To use PyTraits, first, you need to define a protocol using the `runtime_checkable` annotation:
+
+```python
+from typing import runtime_checkable
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class Printable:
+    def print(self):
+        pass
+```
+
+Then, you can use the `impl` annotation to implement the protocol for a class:
+
+
+```python
+from pytraits import impl, trait
+
+
+class MyClass1: pass
+
+
+@impl(Printable)
+class MyClassImplPrintable(MyClass1):
+    def print(self):
+        print("从 MyClass 打印")
+
+
+class MyClass2: pass
+
+
+@trait
+class MyClassTraitPrintable(MyClass2, Printable):
+    def print(self):
+        print("从 MyClass2 打印")
+
+
+mc1: MyClass1 | Printable = MyClass1()
+mc2: MyClass2 | Printable = MyClass2()
+mc1.print()
+mc2.print()
+```
+
+Now, `MyClass` implements the `Printable` protocol and can be used accordingly.
+
+
+## Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! If you find any issues or have suggestions for improvement, please open an issue or submit a pull request on GitHub.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
diff --git a/README_cn.md b/README_cn.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/README_cn.md
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# PyTraits
+
+## Introduction
+
+PyTraits is a Python library that provides functionality similar to Rust traits. It allows you to define protocols using `impl` or `trait` annotations to specify the behavior that classes should implement.
+
+## Installation
+
+You can install PyTraits using pip:
+
+```bash
+pip install pytraits
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+
+使用 PyTraits，首先需要使用 `trait` 注解定义一个协议：
+
+```python
+from typing import runtime_checkable
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class Printable:
+    def print(self):
+        pass
+```
+
+然后，可以使用`impl`或`trait`装饰器为已定义的类实现该协议：
+
+```python
+from pytraits import impl, trait
+
+
+class MyClass1: pass
+
+
+@impl(Printable)
+class MyClassImplPrintable(MyClass1):
+    def print(self):
+        print("从 MyClass 打印")
+
+
+class MyClass2: pass
+
+
+@trait
+class MyClassTraitPrintable(MyClass2, Printable):
+    def print(self):
+        print("从 MyClass2 打印")
+
+
+mc1: MyClass1 | Printable = MyClass1()
+mc2: MyClass2 | Printable = MyClass2()
+mc1.print()
+mc2.print()
+```
+
+现在，`MyClass` 实现了 `Printable` 协议，可以相应地使用。
+
+## Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! If you find any issues or have suggestions for improvement, please open an issue or submit a pull request on GitHub.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/pyproject.toml
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+[project]
+name = "pytraits"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "python trait like rust"
+authors = [
+    {name = "JimZhang", email = "zzl22100048@gmail.com"},
+]
+dependencies = []
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
+readme = "README.md"
+license = {text = "MIT"}
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["pdm-backend"]
+build-backend = "pdm.backend"
+
+
+[tool.pdm]
+distribution = true
+
+
+
+[tool.ruff]
+exclude = [
+    "tests",
+]
+line-length = 120
+select = [
+    "E",
+    "F",
+    "W",
+    "I"
+]
+target-version = "py310"
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+combine-as-imports = true
+
+[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]
+dev = [
+    "setuptools>=69.0.3",
+]
diff --git a/src/pytraits/__init__.py b/src/pytraits/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..226a20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pytraits/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import inspect
+
+
+class TraitImplementError(RuntimeError):
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.message = message
+
+
+def check_is_subclass(implementor, protocol):
+    if not issubclass(implementor, protocol):
+        raise TraitImplementError(
+            f'implementor {implementor.__name__} is not a subclass of {protocol.__name__}')
+
+
+def impl(protocol: type):
+    """
+    Decorate a class to make it a trait implementation.
+    :param protocol: Protocol class to be decorated.
+    :return: decorator function
+    """
+
+    def decorator(implementor: type):
+        implemented = implementor.__bases__[0]
+        implementor_methods = []
+        check_is_subclass(implementor, protocol)
+        p_module = protocol.__module__
+        for name, method in inspect.getmembers(protocol, inspect.isfunction):
+            if p_module == method.__module__:
+                implementor_methods.append((name, getattr(implementor, name)))
+        for name, method in implementor_methods:
+            setattr(implemented, name, method)
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def trait(implementor):
+    """
+    Decorate a class to make it a trait implementation.
+    :param implementor: trait class to be decorated.
+    :return: None. Shadowing subclass
+    """
+    implemented, protocol = implementor.__bases__
+    implementor_methods = []
+    check_is_subclass(implementor, protocol)
+    p_module = protocol.__module__
+    for name, method in inspect.getmembers(protocol, inspect.isfunction):
+        if p_module == method.__module__:
+            implementor_methods.append((name, getattr(implementor, name)))
+    for name, method in implementor_methods:
+        setattr(implemented, name, method)
diff --git a/tests/__init__.py b/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/tests/trait_imple_test.py b/tests/trait_imple_test.py
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index 0000000..59fbd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/trait_imple_test.py
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+from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
+from pytraits import trait, impl
+from traits import ShortUrl
+
+
+class MyUrl:
+    def __init__(self, url):
+        self.url = url
+
+    def url(self):
+        return self.url
+
+
+@trait
+class ShortUrlForMyUrl(MyUrl, ShortUrl):
+
+    def short_url(self):
+        return self.url[0]
+
+
+class Ab:
+    def __init__(self, msg: str):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.m0 = msg[0]
+
+    def foo(self):
+        print('foo', self.msg)
+
+
+class Abc(Ab):
+    pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class BProtocol(Protocol):
+    def print_m0(self):
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class DProtocol(Protocol):
+    def print_1(self):
+        pass
+
+
+@impl(BProtocol)
+class C(Abc):
+
+    def print_m0(self):
+        print('show', self.m0)
+
+
+@trait
+class D(Abc, DProtocol):
+    def print_1(self):
+        print('show', self.m0)
+        self.foo()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    a: Ab | DProtocol = Abc('acb')
+    a.print_1()
+    my_url: MyUrl | ShortUrl = MyUrl('http://acb.com')
+    print(my_url.short_url())
diff --git a/tests/traits.py b/tests/traits.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4cb1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/traits.py
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+from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class ShortUrl(Protocol):
+    def short_url(self):
+        ...